Résumé
Introduction: Current estimates show that, globally, there are 531 million cases and 6.3 million deaths due to COVID-19. Studies have shown that COVID-19 could lead to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. In this study we sought to estimate the prevalence of DVT among COVID-19 hospitalizations as well as its effects on hospital outcomes using a large administrative database. Hypothesis: The adverse in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 will be significantly higher among DVT hospitalizations. Method(s): We conducted a retrospective analysis of the 2020 California State Inpatient Database. All hospitalizations with age 18 and above and primary diagnosis of COVID-19 were included for the study. They were classified into those with and without DVT. The main outcomes of the study were in-hospital mortality, prolonged length of stay, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission. Length of stay >=75th percentile was grouped as prolonged length of stay. Multivariate logistic regressions with covariate adjustments were conducted to compare COVID-19 related outcomes between those with and without DVT. Result(s): We included a total of 94,114 primary COVID-19 hospitalizations for the analysis. Among them 1575 (1.7%) had DVT. The prevalence of mortality (27.5% versus 11.1%, P<0.001), prolonged length of stay (62.2% versus 27.8%, P<0.001), vasopressor use (7.9% versus 2.1%, P<0.001), mechanical ventilation (36.2% versus 9.7%, P<0.001), and ICU admission (35.7% versus 9.3%, P<0.001) were significantly higher among those with DVT. After adjusting for covariates, regression analysis showed that those with DVT had significantly greater odds for mortality (aOR, 2.34, 95% CI: 2.07-2.65), prolonged length of stay (aOR, 3.51, 95% CI: 3.16-3.91), vasopressor use (aOR, 4.23, 95% CI: 3.78-4.74), mechanical ventilation (aOR, 2.90, 95% CI: 2.38-3.53), and ICU admission (aOR, 4.32, 95% CI: 3.85-4.84). Conclusion(s): In our cohort, only few COVID-19 hospitalizations had a diagnosis of DVT. However, among those with DVT, the risk for adverse outcomes were significantly higher. Since DVT among COVID-19 is uncommon but associated with adverse hospital outcomes, healthcare providers should promptly monitor for DVT and manage it.
Résumé
Introduction: According to recent global estimates there are nearly 530 million cases and 6.3 million deaths due to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Studies have shown that COVID-19 disproportionately affects males than females. In this study we looked at differences in in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 based on sex using a larger administrative database. Hypothesis: The adverse in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 will be significantly higher among males. Method(s): This was a retrospective analysis of the California State Inpatient Database 2020. All COVID-19 hospitalizations with age 18 years and above were included for the analysis. These hospitalizations were classified into males and females. The main outcomes of the study were inhospital mortality, prolonged length of stay, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission. Any length of stay >=75th percentile value for the entire cohort was considered as prolonged length of stay. Logistic regression analyses after adjusting for covariates were used to compare COVID-19 related outcomes between males and females. Result(s): A total of 95,180 primary COVID-19 hospitalizations were included for the analysis. Of these 52465 (55.1%) were males and 42715 (44.9%) were females. Among these hospitalizations, mortality (12.4% versus 10.1%, P<0.001), prolonged length of stay (30.6% versus 25.8%, P<0.001), vasopressor use (2.6% versus 1.6%, P<0.001), mechanical ventilation (11.8% versus 8.0%, P<0.001), and ICU admission (11.4% versus 7.8%, P<0.001) were significantly higher among males. Logistics regression analysis showed that males had significantly greater odds for mortality (aOR, 1.38, 95% CI: 1.32-1.44), prolonged length of stay (aOR, 1.35, 95% CI: 1.31-1.39), vasopressor use (aOR, 1.59, 95% CI: 1.51-1.66), mechanical ventilation (aOR, 1.62, 95% CI: 1.47- 1.78), and ICU admission (aOR, 1.58, 95% CI: 1.51-1.66). Conclusion(s): Adverse outcomes such as mortality, prolonged length of stay, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission were independently associated with male sex. These findings could be due differences to both biological and social factors between the sexes. Future studies should explore these factors to efficiently control COVID-19.
Résumé
The false smut disease of rice incited by Ustilaginoidea virens is a major constraint on rice production. The main aim of the present study was to ascertain the false smut disease severity in both delta and non-delta districts of Tamil Nadu through survey and surveillance and assess the correlation between the disease severity and wind velocity for the past three years, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Moreover, the present study addressed the disease distribution pattern of false smut diseases under field conditions. The results obtained from survey results revealed that the maximum disease severity was recorded in Nagapattinam district (Nagapattinam block) with 27.45% and the minimum disease severity was recorded in the district Theni (Bodinayakanur block) with 8% in 2021. Similarly in 2019 and 2020 maximum disease severity was recorded in the following districts Thanjavur district (Orathanadu block) with 19.91% and Thanjavur district (Peravurani block) with 18.54% and the minimum disease severity was recorded in the following districts Madurai district (Madurai north block) with 4.78% and Madurai district (Usilampatti block) with 4.78% respectively. The obtained R2 values through regression analysis were 0.70, 0.79 and 0.76 in the following years, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Besides the relationship between the false smut disease development, the pattern wind direction was also assessed. By assessing the false smut disease distribution pattern under field conditions, more disease distribution was observed around the surrounding area of the paddy field as well as the diagonal path of the field which clearly revealed that wind direction influences the disease development. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Applied & Natural Science is the property of Applied & Natural Science Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)